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In this section we describe features for plotting graphs with tick marks and labels as shown above. Graphs can be log-log or semilog (see below). Dragging the mouse across the graph gives you crosshairs with display of the x and y coordinates at the crosshairs. Here is a simple example of how to plot a graph (arange creates a numeric array running from 0 to 8, stopping short of 8.1): f1 = gcurve(color=color.cyan) # a graphics curve for x in arange(0, 8.05, 0.1): # x goes from 0 to 8 f1.plot(pos=(x,5*cos(2*x)*exp(-0.2*x))) # plot A connected curve (gcurve) is just one of several kinds of graph plotting objects. Other options are disconnected dots (gdots), vertical bars (gvbars), and horizontal bars (ghbars). When creating gcurve, gdots, gvbars, or ghbars, you can optionally give a list of data points and/or a color (if no color is specified, the plotting color will be black): f1 = gcurve(pos=[ [1,2],[5,-2],[8,4] ], color=color.green) After creating one of these graphing objects, you can add a single point or a list of additional points: f1.plot(pos=[100,-30]) # add a single point f1.plot(pos=[[100,-30], [20,50], [0,-10]]) # add a list You do not need to specify "pos=" when adding points. Here are other permissible formats: f1.plot(1,2) f1.plot([1,2]) f1.plot([1,2], [3,4], [5,6]) f1.plot([ [1,2], [3,4], [5,6] ]) In classic VPython, when you add points you can optionally specify a color for these points that is different from the default color of the object: f1.plot(pos=(100,-30), color=color.red). However, this is not currently possible in GlowScript VPython. Once you have created a graphing object such as gcurve, its initial color will be used throughout. You can plot more than one thing on the same graph: f1 = gcurve(color=color.cyan) f2 = gvbars(delta=0.05, color=color.blue) for x in arange(0., 8.05, 0.1): f1.plot([x,5*cos(2*x)*exp(-0.2*x]) # curve f2.plot([x,4*cos(0.5*x)*exp(-0.1*x])# vbars You can replace all of the points in a gcurve, gdots, gvbars, or ghbars object like this: f1.data = [ [10,20], [30,40], [50,60] ] This is equivalent to deleting all the points from the graph and then adding the new ones. It is often the case that skipping points may hardly affect the display but will make graph plotting much faster, in which case it's useful to specify an interval between plotting of points: interval If interval=10, a point is added to the plot only every 10th time you ask to add a point. If interval is 0, no plot is shown. If interval is -1, no points are skipped. Special options for gcurve, gdots, gvbars, and ghbars For gcurve your can specify a width of the line in pixels. If you specify dot=True the current plotting point is highlighted with a dot, which is particularly useful if a graph retraces its path. You can specify a size attribute, which specifies the width of the dot in pixels (default is size=8). By default the dot has the same color as the gcurve, but you can specify a different color, as in dot_color=color.green. For gdots you can specify a size attribute, which specifies the width of the dot in pixels (default is size=5). For gvbars and ghbars you can specify a delta attribute, which specifies the width of the bar (the default is delta=1). Deleting data or an entire graph If you create a gcurve, gdots, gvbars, or ghbars entity and name it g, you can delete the associated data from a graph by saying g.delete(). Similarly, if you say gd = graph(), you can delete the entire graph by saying gd.delete(). Overall graph options You can establish a graph to set the size, position, and title for the title bar of the graph window, specify titles for the x and y axes, specify maximum values for each axis, and set foreground and background colors, before creating gcurve or other kind of graph plotting object: gd = graph(width=600, height=150, title='N vs. t', xtitle='t', ytitle='N', foreground=color.black, background=color.white, xmax=50, xmin=-20, ymax=5E3, ymin=-2E3) In this example, the graph window will have a size of 600 by 150 pixels, and the title bar will say 'N vs. t'. The graph will have a title 't' on the horizontal axis and 'N' on the vertical axis. The foreground color is black (the default), and the background color is white (the default). Instead of autoscaling the graph to display all the data, the graph in this example will have fixed limits. The horizontal axis will extend from -20 to +50, and the vertical axis will extend from -200 to +5000. If you specify xmax but not xmin, it is as though you had also specified xmin to be 0; similarly, if you specify xmin but not xmax, xmax will be 0. The same rule holds for ymax and ymin. Offsets: If you specify xmin or ymin to be greater than zero, or xmax or ymax to be less than zero, the crossing point (origin) of the x and y axes will no longer be at (0,0), and the graphing will be offset. If you offset the origin of the graph, you must specify xmax to be greater than xmin, and/or ymax to be greater than ymin. If you simply say graph(), the defaults are width=640, height=400, no titles, fully autoscaled. You can align a graph to the left or right of another graph or a canvas: align Set to "left" (graph forced to left side of window), "right" (graph forced to right side of window), or "none" (the default alignment). For example, if you want to place a graph to the right of a canvas, set the canvas align attribute to the string "left" and the graph align attribute to "right". If the window is too narrow, the object that is on the right will be displayed below the other object. You can have more than one graph window: just create another graph. By default, any graphing objects created following a graph belong to that window, or you can specify which window a new object belongs to: energy = gdots(graph=graph2, color=color.blue) Log-log and semilog plots When creating a graph, you can specify logarithmic plots by specifying logx=True and/or logy=True. All values must be positive, representing logarithms of numbers between infinitely small (logarithm approaches 0) and infinitely large; that is, numbers such as 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, etc. Histograms (sorted, binned data) There is no ghistogram option in GlowScript. However, the program HardSphereGas provides an example of how to make a histogram.