/*
 * Copyright 2002-2018 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.util;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;

import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;

/**
 * Simple {@link List} wrapper class that allows for elements to be
 * automatically populated as they are requested. This is particularly
 * useful for data binding to {@link List Lists}, allowing for elements
 * to be created and added to the {@link List} in a "just in time" fashion.
 *
 * <p>Note: This class is not thread-safe. To create a thread-safe version,
 * use the {@link java.util.Collections#synchronizedList} utility methods.
 *
 * <p>Inspired by {@code LazyList} from Commons Collections.
 *
 * @author Rob Harrop
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 2.0
 * @param <E> the element type
 */
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
public class AutoPopulatingList<E> implements List<E>, Serializable {

	/**
	 * The {@link List} that all operations are eventually delegated to.
	 */
	private final List<E> backingList;

	/**
	 * The {@link ElementFactory} to use to create new {@link List} elements
	 * on demand.
	 */
	private final ElementFactory<E> elementFactory;


	/**
	 * Creates a new {@code AutoPopulatingList} that is backed by a standard
	 * {@link ArrayList} and adds new instances of the supplied {@link Class element Class}
	 * to the backing {@link List} on demand.
	 */
	public AutoPopulatingList(Class<? extends E> elementClass) {
		this(new ArrayList<>(), elementClass);
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new {@code AutoPopulatingList} that is backed by the supplied {@link List}
	 * and adds new instances of the supplied {@link Class element Class} to the backing
	 * {@link List} on demand.
	 */
	public AutoPopulatingList(List<E> backingList, Class<? extends E> elementClass) {
		this(backingList, new ReflectiveElementFactory<>(elementClass));
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new {@code AutoPopulatingList} that is backed by a standard
	 * {@link ArrayList} and creates new elements on demand using the supplied {@link ElementFactory}.
	 */
	public AutoPopulatingList(ElementFactory<E> elementFactory) {
		this(new ArrayList<>(), elementFactory);
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a new {@code AutoPopulatingList} that is backed by the supplied {@link List}
	 * and creates new elements on demand using the supplied {@link ElementFactory}.
	 */
	public AutoPopulatingList(List<E> backingList, ElementFactory<E> elementFactory) {
		Assert.notNull(backingList, "Backing List must not be null");
		Assert.notNull(elementFactory, "Element factory must not be null");
		this.backingList = backingList;
		this.elementFactory = elementFactory;
	}


	@Override
	public void add(int index, E element) {
		this.backingList.add(index, element);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean add(E o) {
		return this.backingList.add(o);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
		return this.backingList.addAll(c);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
		return this.backingList.addAll(index, c);
	}

	@Override
	public void clear() {
		this.backingList.clear();
	}

	@Override
	public boolean contains(Object o) {
		return this.backingList.contains(o);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
		return this.backingList.containsAll(c);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the element at the supplied index, creating it if there is
	 * no element at that index.
	 */
	@Override
	public E get(int index) {
		int backingListSize = this.backingList.size();
		E element = null;
		if (index < backingListSize) {
			element = this.backingList.get(index);
			if (element == null) {
				element = this.elementFactory.createElement(index);
				this.backingList.set(index, element);
			}
		}
		else {
			for (int x = backingListSize; x < index; x++) {
				this.backingList.add(null);
			}
			element = this.elementFactory.createElement(index);
			this.backingList.add(element);
		}
		return element;
	}

	@Override
	public int indexOf(Object o) {
		return this.backingList.indexOf(o);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean isEmpty() {
		return this.backingList.isEmpty();
	}

	@Override
	public Iterator<E> iterator() {
		return this.backingList.iterator();
	}

	@Override
	public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
		return this.backingList.lastIndexOf(o);
	}

	@Override
	public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
		return this.backingList.listIterator();
	}

	@Override
	public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
		return this.backingList.listIterator(index);
	}

	@Override
	public E remove(int index) {
		return this.backingList.remove(index);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean remove(Object o) {
		return this.backingList.remove(o);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
		return this.backingList.removeAll(c);
	}

	@Override
	public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
		return this.backingList.retainAll(c);
	}

	@Override
	public E set(int index, E element) {
		return this.backingList.set(index, element);
	}

	@Override
	public int size() {
		return this.backingList.size();
	}

	@Override
	public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
		return this.backingList.subList(fromIndex, toIndex);
	}

	@Override
	public Object[] toArray() {
		return this.backingList.toArray();
	}

	@Override
	public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
		return this.backingList.toArray(a);
	}


	@Override
	public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
		return this.backingList.equals(other);
	}

	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		return this.backingList.hashCode();
	}


	/**
	 * Factory interface for creating elements for an index-based access
	 * data structure such as a {@link java.util.List}.
	 *
	 * @param <E> the element type
	 */
	@FunctionalInterface
	public interface ElementFactory<E> {

		/**
		 * Create the element for the supplied index.
		 * @return the element object
		 * @throws ElementInstantiationException if the instantiation process failed
		 * (any exception thrown by a target constructor should be propagated as-is)
		 */
		E createElement(int index) throws ElementInstantiationException;
	}


	/**
	 * Exception to be thrown from ElementFactory.
	 */
	public static class ElementInstantiationException extends RuntimeException {

		public ElementInstantiationException(String msg) {
			super(msg);
		}

		public ElementInstantiationException(String message, Throwable cause) {
			super(message, cause);
		}
	}


	/**
	 * Reflective implementation of the ElementFactory interface, using
	 * {@code Class.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()} on a given element class.
	 */
	private static class ReflectiveElementFactory<E> implements ElementFactory<E>, Serializable {

		private final Class<? extends E> elementClass;

		public ReflectiveElementFactory(Class<? extends E> elementClass) {
			Assert.notNull(elementClass, "Element class must not be null");
			Assert.isTrue(!elementClass.isInterface(), "Element class must not be an interface type");
			Assert.isTrue(!Modifier.isAbstract(elementClass.getModifiers()), "Element class cannot be an abstract class");
			this.elementClass = elementClass;
		}

		@Override
		public E createElement(int index) {
			try {
				return ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(this.elementClass).newInstance();
			}
			catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
				throw new ElementInstantiationException(
						"No default constructor on element class: " + this.elementClass.getName(), ex);
			}
			catch (InstantiationException ex) {
				throw new ElementInstantiationException(
						"Unable to instantiate element class: " + this.elementClass.getName(), ex);
			}
			catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
				throw new ElementInstantiationException(
						"Could not access element constructor: " + this.elementClass.getName(), ex);
			}
			catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
				throw new ElementInstantiationException(
						"Failed to invoke element constructor: " + this.elementClass.getName(), ex.getTargetException());
			}
		}
	}

}
