<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<chapter xml:id="remoting"
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  <title>Remoting and web services using Spring</title>

  <section xml:id="remoting-introduction">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>Spring features integration classes for remoting support using
    various technologies. The remoting support eases the development of
    remote-enabled services, implemented by your usual (Spring) POJOs.
    Currently, Spring supports the following remoting technologies: <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Remote Method Invocation (RMI)</emphasis>. Through
          the use of the <classname>RmiProxyFactoryBean</classname> and the
          <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname> Spring supports both
          traditional RMI (with <interfacename>java.rmi.Remote</interfacename>
          interfaces and
          <exceptionname>java.rmi.RemoteException</exceptionname>) and
          transparent remoting via RMI invokers (with any Java
          interface).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Spring's HTTP invoker</emphasis>. Spring provides a
          special remoting strategy which allows for Java serialization via
          HTTP, supporting any Java interface (just like the RMI invoker). The
          corresponding support classes are
          <classname>HttpInvokerProxyFactoryBean</classname> and
          <classname>HttpInvokerServiceExporter</classname>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Hessian</emphasis>. By using Spring's
          <classname>HessianProxyFactoryBean</classname> and the
          <classname>HessianServiceExporter</classname> you can transparently
          expose your services using the lightweight binary HTTP-based
          protocol provided by Caucho.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>Burlap</emphasis>. Burlap is Caucho's XML-based
          alternative to Hessian. Spring provides support classes such as
          <classname>BurlapProxyFactoryBean</classname> and
          <classname>BurlapServiceExporter</classname>.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>JAX-WS</emphasis>. Spring provides remoting support
          for web services via JAX-WS (the successor of JAX-RPC, as introduced
          in Java EE 5 and Java 6).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para><emphasis>JMS</emphasis>. Remoting using JMS as the underlying
          protocol is supported via the
          <classname>JmsInvokerServiceExporter</classname> and
          <classname>JmsInvokerProxyFactoryBean</classname> classes.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>

    <para>While discussing the remoting capabilities of Spring, we'll use the
    following domain model and corresponding services:</para>

    <programlisting language="java">public class Account implements Serializable{

    private String name;

    public String getName(){
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
      this.name = name;
    }
}</programlisting>

    <programlisting language="java">public interface AccountService {

    public void insertAccount(Account account);

    public List&lt;Account&gt; getAccounts(String name);
}</programlisting>

    <programlisting language="java">public interface RemoteAccountService extends Remote {

    public void insertAccount(Account account) throws RemoteException;

    public List&lt;Account&gt; getAccounts(String name) throws RemoteException;
}</programlisting>

    <programlisting language="java"><lineannotation>// the implementation doing nothing at the moment</lineannotation>
public class AccountServiceImpl implements AccountService {

    public void insertAccount(Account acc) {
        <lineannotation>// do something...</lineannotation>
    }

    public List&lt;Account&gt; getAccounts(String name) {
        <lineannotation>// do something...</lineannotation>
    }
}</programlisting>

    <para>We will start exposing the service to a remote client by using RMI
    and talk a bit about the drawbacks of using RMI. We'll then continue to
    show an example using Hessian as the protocol.</para>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-rmi">
    <title>Exposing services using RMI</title>

    <para>Using Spring's support for RMI, you can transparently expose your
    services through the RMI infrastructure. After having this set up, you
    basically have a configuration similar to remote EJBs, except for the fact
    that there is no standard support for security context propagation or
    remote transaction propagation. Spring does provide hooks for such
    additional invocation context when using the RMI invoker, so you can for
    example plug in security frameworks or custom security credentials
    here.</para>

    <section xml:id="remoting-rmi-server">
      <title>Exporting the service using the
      <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname></title>

      <para>Using the <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname>, we can expose
      the interface of our AccountService object as RMI object. The interface
      can be accessed by using <classname>RmiProxyFactoryBean</classname>, or
      via plain RMI in case of a traditional RMI service. The
      <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname> explicitly supports the
      exposing of any non-RMI services via RMI invokers.</para>

      <para>Of course, we first have to set up our service in the Spring
      container:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="accountService" class="example.AccountServiceImpl"&gt;
    <lineannotation>&lt;!-- any additional properties, maybe a DAO? --&gt;</lineannotation>
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>Next we'll have to expose our service using the
      <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname>:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean class="org.springframework.remoting.rmi.RmiServiceExporter"&gt;
    <lineannotation>&lt;!-- does not necessarily have to be the same name as the bean to be exported --&gt;</lineannotation>
    &lt;property name="serviceName" value="AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
    <lineannotation>&lt;!-- defaults to 1099 --&gt;</lineannotation>
    &lt;property name="registryPort" value="1199"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>As you can see, we're overriding the port for the RMI registry.
      Often, your application server also maintains an RMI registry and it is
      wise to not interfere with that one. Furthermore, the service name is
      used to bind the service under. So right now, the service will be bound
      at <literal>'rmi://HOST:1199/AccountService'</literal>. We'll use the
      URL later on to link in the service at the client side.</para>

      <note>
        <para>The <literal>servicePort</literal> property has been omitted (it
        defaults to 0). This means that an anonymous port will be used to
        communicate with the service.</para>
      </note>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-rmi-client">
      <title>Linking in the service at the client</title>

      <para>Our client is a simple object using the
      <interfacename>AccountService</interfacename> to manage accounts:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">public class SimpleObject {

    private AccountService accountService;

    public void setAccountService(AccountService accountService) {
        this.accountService = accountService;
    }

    // additional methods using the accountService

}</programlisting>

      <para>To link in the service on the client, we'll create a separate
      Spring container, containing the simple object and the service linking
      configuration bits:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean class="example.SimpleObject"&gt;
    &lt;property name="accountService" ref="accountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean id="accountService" class="org.springframework.remoting.rmi.RmiProxyFactoryBean"&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceUrl" value="rmi://HOST:1199/AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>That's all we need to do to support the remote account service on
      the client. Spring will transparently create an invoker and remotely
      enable the account service through the
      <classname>RmiServiceExporter</classname>. At the client we're linking
      it in using the <classname>RmiProxyFactoryBean</classname>.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols">
    <title>Using Hessian or Burlap to remotely call services via HTTP</title>

    <para>Hessian offers a binary HTTP-based remoting protocol. It is
    developed by Caucho and more information about Hessian itself can be found
    at <link xl:href="http://www.caucho.com"></link>.</para>

    <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols-hessian">
      <title>Wiring up the <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname> for
      Hessian and co.</title>

      <para>Hessian communicates via HTTP and does so using a custom servlet.
      Using Spring's <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname> principles, as
      known from Spring Web MVC usage, you can easily wire up such a servlet
      exposing your services. First we'll have to create a new servlet in your
      application (this is an excerpt from
      <filename>'web.xml'</filename>):</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;servlet&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;remoting&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;servlet-class&gt;org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt;
    &lt;load-on-startup&gt;1&lt;/load-on-startup&gt;
&lt;/servlet&gt;

&lt;servlet-mapping&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;remoting&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;url-pattern&gt;/remoting/*&lt;/url-pattern&gt;
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>You're probably familiar with Spring's
      <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname> principles and if so, you know
      that now you'll have to create a Spring container configuration resource
      named <filename>'remoting-servlet.xml'</filename> (after the name of
      your servlet) in the <filename class="directory">'WEB-INF'</filename>
      directory. The application context will be used in the next
      section.</para>

      <para>Alternatively, consider the use of Spring's simpler
      <classname>HttpRequestHandlerServlet</classname>. This allows you to
      embed the remote exporter definitions in your root application context
      (by default in <filename>'WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml'</filename>),
      with individual servlet definitions pointing to specific exporter beans.
      Each servlet name needs to match the bean name of its target exporter in
      this case.</para>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols-hessian-server">
      <title>Exposing your beans by using the
      <classname>HessianServiceExporter</classname></title>

      <para>In the newly created application context called
      <literal>remoting-servlet.xml</literal>, we'll create a
      <classname>HessianServiceExporter</classname> exporting your
      services:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="accountService" class="example.AccountServiceImpl"&gt;
    <lineannotation>&lt;!-- any additional properties, maybe a DAO? --&gt;</lineannotation>
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean name="/AccountService" class="org.springframework.remoting.caucho.HessianServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>Now we're ready to link in the service at the client. No explicit
      handler mapping is specified, mapping request URLs onto services, so
      <classname>BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping</classname> will be used: Hence,
      the service will be exported at the URL indicated through its bean name
      within the containing <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname>'s mapping
      (as defined above):
      <literal>'http://HOST:8080/remoting/AccountService'</literal>.</para>

      <para>Alternatively, create a
      <classname>HessianServiceExporter</classname> in your root application
      context (e.g. in
      <filename>'WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml'</filename>):</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean name="accountExporter" class="org.springframework.remoting.caucho.HessianServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>In the latter case, define a corresponding servlet for this
      exporter in <filename>'web.xml'</filename>, with the same end result:
      The exporter getting mapped to the request path
      <literal>/remoting/AccountService</literal>. Note that the servlet name
      needs to match the bean name of the target exporter.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;servlet&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;accountExporter&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;servlet-class&gt;org.springframework.web.context.support.HttpRequestHandlerServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt;
&lt;/servlet&gt;

&lt;servlet-mapping&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;accountExporter&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;url-pattern&gt;/remoting/AccountService&lt;/url-pattern&gt;
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt;</programlisting>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols-hessian-client">
      <title>Linking in the service on the client</title>

      <para>Using the <classname>HessianProxyFactoryBean</classname> we can
      link in the service at the client. The same principles apply as with the
      RMI example. We'll create a separate bean factory or application context
      and mention the following beans where the
      <classname>SimpleObject</classname> is using the
      <interfacename>AccountService</interfacename> to manage accounts:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean class="example.SimpleObject"&gt;
    &lt;property name="accountService" ref="accountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean id="accountService" class="org.springframework.remoting.caucho.HessianProxyFactoryBean"&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceUrl" value="http://remotehost:8080/remoting/AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols-burlap">
      <title>Using Burlap</title>

      <para>We won't discuss Burlap, the XML-based equivalent of Hessian, in
      detail here, since it is configured and set up in exactly the same way
      as the Hessian variant explained above. Just replace the word
      <literal>Hessian</literal> with <literal>Burlap</literal> and you're all
      set to go.</para>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-caucho-protocols-security">
      <title>Applying HTTP basic authentication to a service exposed through
      Hessian or Burlap</title>

      <para>One of the advantages of Hessian and Burlap is that we can easily
      apply HTTP basic authentication, because both protocols are HTTP-based.
      Your normal HTTP server security mechanism can easily be applied through
      using the <literal>web.xml</literal> security features, for example.
      Usually, you don't use per-user security credentials here, but rather
      shared credentials defined at the
      <literal>Hessian/BurlapProxyFactoryBean</literal> level (similar to a
      JDBC <interfacename>DataSource</interfacename>).</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping"&gt;
    &lt;property name="interceptors" ref="authorizationInterceptor"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean id="authorizationInterceptor"
      class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.UserRoleAuthorizationInterceptor"&gt;
    &lt;property name="authorizedRoles" value="administrator,operator"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>This is an example where we explicitly mention the
      <classname>BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping</classname> and set an interceptor
      allowing only administrators and operators to call the beans mentioned
      in this application context.</para>

      <note>
        <para>Of course, this example doesn't show a flexible kind of security
        infrastructure. For more options as far as security is concerned, have
        a look at the Spring Security project at <link
          xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring-security/site/"></link>.</para>
      </note>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-httpinvoker">
    <title>Exposing services using HTTP invokers</title>

    <para>As opposed to Burlap and Hessian, which are both lightweight
    protocols using their own slim serialization mechanisms, Spring HTTP
    invokers use the standard Java serialization mechanism to expose services
    through HTTP. This has a huge advantage if your arguments and return types
    are complex types that cannot be serialized using the serialization
    mechanisms Hessian and Burlap use (refer to the next section for more
    considerations when choosing a remoting technology).</para>

    <para>Under the hood, Spring uses either the standard facilities provided
    by J2SE to perform HTTP calls or Commons
    <classname>HttpClient</classname>. Use the latter if you need more
    advanced and easy-to-use functionality. Refer to <link
    xl:href="http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/httpclient">jakarta.apache.org/commons/httpclient</link>
    for more info.</para>

    <section xml:id="remoting-httpinvoker-server">
      <title>Exposing the service object</title>

      <para>Setting up the HTTP invoker infrastructure for a service object
      resembles closely the way you would do the same using Hessian or Burlap.
      Just as Hessian support provides the
      <classname>HessianServiceExporter</classname>, Spring's HttpInvoker
      support provides the
      <classname>org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerServiceExporter</classname>.</para>

      <para>To expose the <literal>AccountService</literal> (mentioned above)
      within a Spring Web MVC <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname>, the
      following configuration needs to be in place in the dispatcher's
      application context:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean name="/AccountService" class="org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;
</programlisting>

      <para>Such an exporter definition will be exposed through the
      <classname>DispatcherServlet</classname>'s standard mapping facilities,
      as explained in the section on Hessian.</para>

      <para>Alternatively, create an
      <classname>HttpInvokerServiceExporter</classname> in your root
      application context (e.g. in
      <filename>'WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml'</filename>):</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean name="accountExporter" class="org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>In addition, define a corresponding servlet for this exporter in
      <filename>'web.xml'</filename>, with the servlet name matching the bean
      name of the target exporter:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;servlet&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;accountExporter&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;servlet-class&gt;org.springframework.web.context.support.HttpRequestHandlerServlet&lt;/servlet-class&gt;
&lt;/servlet&gt;

&lt;servlet-mapping&gt;
    &lt;servlet-name&gt;accountExporter&lt;/servlet-name&gt;
    &lt;url-pattern&gt;/remoting/AccountService&lt;/url-pattern&gt;
&lt;/servlet-mapping&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>If you are running outside of a servlet container and are using
      Sun's Java 6, then you can use the built-in HTTP server implementation.
      You can configure the <classname>SimpleHttpServerFactoryBean</classname> together with a
      <classname>SimpleHttpInvokerServiceExporter</classname> as is shown in this example:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean name="accountExporter"
    class="org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.SimpleHttpInvokerServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean id="httpServer"
        class="org.springframework.remoting.support.SimpleHttpServerFactoryBean"&gt;
    &lt;property name="contexts"&gt;
        &lt;util:map&gt;
            &lt;entry key="/remoting/AccountService" value-ref="accountExporter"/&gt;
        &lt;/util:map&gt;
    &lt;/property&gt;
    &lt;property name="port" value="8080" /&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;
</programlisting>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-httpinvoker-client">
      <title>Linking in the service at the client</title>

      <para>Again, linking in the service from the client much resembles the
      way you would do it when using Hessian or Burlap. Using a proxy, Spring
      will be able to translate your calls to HTTP POST requests to the URL
      pointing to the exported service.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="httpInvokerProxy" class="org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.HttpInvokerProxyFactoryBean"&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceUrl" value="http://remotehost:8080/remoting/AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;
</programlisting>

      <para>As mentioned before, you can choose what HTTP client you want to
      use. By default, the <classname>HttpInvokerProxy</classname> uses the
      J2SE HTTP functionality, but you can also use the Commons
      <classname>HttpClient</classname> by setting the
      <literal>httpInvokerRequestExecutor</literal> property:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;property name="httpInvokerRequestExecutor"&gt;
    &lt;bean class="org.springframework.remoting.httpinvoker.CommonsHttpInvokerRequestExecutor"/&gt;
&lt;/property&gt;
</programlisting>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-web-services">
    <title>Web services</title>

    <para>Spring provides full support for standard Java web services
    APIs:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Exposing web services using JAX-WS</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Accessing web services using JAX-WS</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>In addition to stock support for JAX-WS in Spring Core,
    the Spring portfolio also features <link
    xl:href="http://www.springframework.org/spring-ws">Spring Web
    Services</link>, a solution for contract-first, document-driven web
    services - highly recommended for building modern, future-proof web
    services.</para>

    <section xml:id="remoting-web-services-jaxws-export-servlet">
      <title>Exposing servlet-based web services using JAX-WS</title>

      <para>Spring provides a convenient base class for JAX-WS servlet
      endpoint implementations -
      <classname>SpringBeanAutowiringSupport</classname>. To expose our
      <interfacename>AccountService</interfacename> we extend Spring's
      <classname>SpringBeanAutowiringSupport</classname> class and implement
      our business logic here, usually delegating the call to the business
      layer. We'll simply use Spring 2.5's <literal>@Autowired</literal>
      annotation for expressing such dependencies on Spring-managed
      beans.</para>

      <programlisting language="java"><lineannotation>/**
 * JAX-WS compliant AccountService implementation that simply delegates
 * to the AccountService implementation in the root web application context.
 *
 * This wrapper class is necessary because JAX-WS requires working with dedicated
 * endpoint classes. If an existing service needs to be exported, a wrapper that
 * extends SpringBeanAutowiringSupport for simple Spring bean autowiring (through
 * the @Autowired annotation) is the simplest JAX-WS compliant way.
 *
 * This is the class registered with the server-side JAX-WS implementation.
 * In the case of a Java EE 5 server, this would simply be defined as a servlet
 * in web.xml, with the server detecting that this is a JAX-WS endpoint and reacting
 * accordingly. The servlet name usually needs to match the specified WS service name.
 *
 * The web service engine manages the lifecycle of instances of this class.
 * Spring bean references will just be wired in here.
 */</lineannotation>
import org.springframework.web.context.support.SpringBeanAutowiringSupport;

@WebService(serviceName="AccountService")
public class AccountServiceEndpoint extends SpringBeanAutowiringSupport {

    @Autowired
    private AccountService biz;

    @WebMethod
    public void insertAccount(Account acc) {
       biz.insertAccount(acc);
    }

    @WebMethod
    public Account[] getAccounts(String name) {
       return biz.getAccounts(name);
    }
}</programlisting>

      <para>Our <classname>AccountServletEndpoint</classname> needs to run in
      the same web application as the Spring context to allow for access to
      Spring's facilities. This is the case by default in Java EE 5
      environments, using the standard contract for JAX-WS servlet endpoint
      deployment. See Java EE 5 web service tutorials for details.</para>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-web-services-jaxws-export-standalone">
      <title>Exporting standalone web services using JAX-WS</title>

      <para>The built-in JAX-WS provider that comes with Sun's JDK 1.6
      supports exposure of web services using the built-in HTTP server that's
      included in JDK 1.6 as well. Spring's
      <classname>SimpleJaxWsServiceExporter</classname> detects all
      <literal>@WebService</literal> annotated beans in the Spring application
      context, exporting them through the default JAX-WS server (the JDK 1.6
      HTTP server).</para>

      <para>In this scenario, the endpoint instances are defined and managed
      as Spring beans themselves; they will be registered with the JAX-WS
      engine but their lifecycle will be up to the Spring application context.
      This means that Spring functionality like explicit dependency injection
      may be applied to the endpoint instances. Of course, annotation-driven
      injection through <literal>@Autowired</literal> will work as
      well.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean class="org.springframework.remoting.jaxws.SimpleJaxWsServiceExporter"&gt;
    &lt;property name="baseAddress" value="http://localhost:8080/"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;bean id="accountServiceEndpoint" class="example.AccountServiceEndpoint"&gt;
    ...
&lt;/bean&gt;

...</programlisting>

      <para>The <classname>AccountServiceEndpoint</classname> may derive from
      Spring's <classname>SpringBeanAutowiringSupport</classname> but doesn't
      have to since the endpoint is a fully Spring-managed bean here. This
      means that the endpoint implementation may look like as follows, without
      any superclass declared - and Spring's <literal>@Autowired</literal>
      configuration annotation still being honored:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">@WebService(serviceName="AccountService")
public class AccountServiceEndpoint {

    @Autowired
    private AccountService biz;

    @WebMethod
    public void insertAccount(Account acc) {
       biz.insertAccount(acc);
    }

    @WebMethod
    public List&lt;Account&gt; getAccounts(String name) {
       return biz.getAccounts(name);
    }
}</programlisting>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-web-services-jaxws-export-ri">
      <title>Exporting web services using the JAX-WS RI's Spring
      support</title>

      <para>Sun's JAX-WS RI, developed as part of the GlassFish project, ships
      Spring support as part of its JAX-WS Commons project. This allows for
      defining JAX-WS endpoints as Spring-managed beans, similar to the
      standalone mode discussed in the previous section - but this time in a
      Servlet environment. <emphasis>Note that this is not portable in a Java
      EE 5 environment; it is mainly intended for non-EE environments such as
      Tomcat, embedding the JAX-WS RI as part of the web
      application.</emphasis></para>

      <para>The difference to the standard style of exporting servlet-based
      endpoints is that the lifecycle of the endpoint instances themselves
      will be managed by Spring here, and that there will be only one JAX-WS
      servlet defined in <literal>web.xml</literal>. With the standard Java EE
      5 style (as illustrated above), you'll have one servlet definition per
      service endpoint, with each endpoint typically delegating to Spring
      beans (through the use of <literal>@Autowired</literal>, as shown
      above).</para>

      <para>Check out <link
      xl:href="https://jax-ws-commons.dev.java.net/spring/">https://jax-ws-commons.dev.java.net/spring/</link>
      for the details on setup and usage style.</para>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-web-services-jaxws-access">
      <title>Accessing web services using JAX-WS</title>

      <para>Spring provides two factory beans to create JAX-WS web service
      proxies, namely <classname>LocalJaxWsServiceFactoryBean</classname> and
      <classname>JaxWsPortProxyFactoryBean</classname>. The former can only
      return a JAX-WS service class for us to work with. The latter is the
      full-fledged version that can return a proxy that implements our
      business service interface. In this example we use the latter to create
      a proxy for the <interfacename>AccountService</interfacename> endpoint
      (again):</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="accountWebService" class="org.springframework.remoting.jaxws.JaxWsPortProxyFactoryBean"&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="example.AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="wsdlDocumentUrl" value="http://localhost:8888/AccountServiceEndpoint?WSDL"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="namespaceUri" value="http://example/"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="serviceName" value="AccountService"/&gt;
    &lt;property name="portName" value="AccountServiceEndpointPort"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>Where <literal>serviceInterface</literal> is our business
      interface the clients will use. <literal>wsdlDocumentUrl</literal> is
      the URL for the WSDL file. Spring needs this a startup time to create
      the JAX-WS Service. <literal>namespaceUri</literal> corresponds to the
      targetNamespace in the .wsdl file. <literal>serviceName</literal>
      corresponds to the service name in the .wsdl file.
      <literal>portName</literal> corresponds to the port name in the .wsdl
      file.</para>

      <para>Accessing the web service is now very easy as we have a bean
      factory for it that will expose it as <literal>AccountService</literal>
      interface. We can wire this up in Spring:</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;bean id="client" class="example.AccountClientImpl"&gt;
    ...
    &lt;property name="service" ref="accountWebService"/&gt;
&lt;/bean&gt;</programlisting>

      <para>From the client code we can access the web service just as if it
      was a normal class:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">public class AccountClientImpl {

    private AccountService service;

    public void setService(AccountService service) {
        this.service = service;
    }

    public void foo() {
        service.insertAccount(...);
    }
}</programlisting>

      <para><emphasis>NOTE:</emphasis> The above is slightly simplified in
      that JAX-WS requires endpoint interfaces and implementation classes to
      be annotated with <literal>@WebService</literal>,
      <literal>@SOAPBinding</literal> etc annotations. This means that you
      cannot (easily) use plain Java interfaces and implementation classes as
      JAX-WS endpoint artifacts; you need to annotate them accordingly first.
      Check the JAX-WS documentation for details on those requirements.</para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-jms">
    <title>JMS</title>

    <para>It is also possible to expose services transparently using JMS as
    the underlying communication protocol. The JMS remoting support in the
    Spring Framework is pretty basic - it sends and receives on the
    <interfacename>same thread</interfacename> and in the <emphasis>same
    non-transactional</emphasis> <interfacename>Session</interfacename>, and
    as such throughput will be very implementation dependent. Note that
    these single-threaded and non-transactional constraints apply only to
    Spring's JMS <emphasis role="bold">remoting</emphasis> support. See
    <xref linkend="jms"/> for information on Spring's rich support for
    JMS-based <emphasis role="bold">messaging</emphasis>.</para>

    <para>The following interface is used on both the server and the client
    side.</para>

    <programlisting language="java">package com.foo;

public interface CheckingAccountService {

    public void cancelAccount(Long accountId);
}</programlisting>

    <para>The following simple implementation of the above interface is used
    on the server-side.</para>

    <programlisting language="java">package com.foo;

public class SimpleCheckingAccountService implements CheckingAccountService {

    public void cancelAccount(Long accountId) {
        System.out.println("Cancelling account [" + accountId + "]");
    }
}</programlisting>

    <para>This configuration file contains the JMS-infrastructure beans that
    are shared on both the client and server.</para>

    <programlisting language="xml">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"&gt;

    &lt;bean id="connectionFactory" class="org.apache.activemq.ActiveMQConnectionFactory"&gt;
        &lt;property name="brokerURL" value="tcp://ep-t43:61616"/&gt;
    &lt;/bean&gt;

    &lt;bean id="queue" class="org.apache.activemq.command.ActiveMQQueue"&gt;
        &lt;constructor-arg value="mmm"/&gt;
    &lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;/beans&gt;</programlisting>

    <section xml:id="remoting-jms-server">
      <title>Server-side configuration</title>

      <para>On the server, you just need to expose the service object using
      the <classname>JmsInvokerServiceExporter</classname>.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
         http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"&gt;

    &lt;bean id="checkingAccountService"
          class="org.springframework.jms.remoting.JmsInvokerServiceExporter"&gt;
        &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="com.foo.CheckingAccountService"/&gt;
        &lt;property name="service"&gt;
            &lt;bean class="com.foo.SimpleCheckingAccountService"/&gt;
        &lt;/property&gt;
   &lt;/bean&gt;

   &lt;bean class="org.springframework.jms.listener.SimpleMessageListenerContainer"&gt;
       &lt;property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory"/&gt;
       &lt;property name="destination" ref="queue"/&gt;
       &lt;property name="concurrentConsumers" value="3"/&gt;
       &lt;property name="messageListener" ref="checkingAccountService"/&gt;
   &lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;/beans&gt;</programlisting>

      <programlisting language="java">package com.foo;

import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Server {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[]{"com/foo/server.xml", "com/foo/jms.xml"});
    }
}</programlisting>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="remoting-jms-client">
      <title>Client-side configuration</title>

      <para>The client merely needs to create a client-side proxy that will
      implement the agreed upon interface
      (<interfacename>CheckingAccountService</interfacename>). The resulting
      object created off the back of the following bean definition can be
      injected into other client side objects, and the proxy will take care of
      forwarding the call to the server-side object via JMS.</para>

      <programlisting language="xml">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"&gt;

    &lt;bean id="checkingAccountService"
          class="org.springframework.jms.remoting.JmsInvokerProxyFactoryBean"&gt;
        &lt;property name="serviceInterface" value="com.foo.CheckingAccountService"/&gt;
        &lt;property name="connectionFactory" ref="connectionFactory"/&gt;
        &lt;property name="queue" ref="queue"/&gt;
    &lt;/bean&gt;

&lt;/beans&gt;</programlisting>

      <programlisting language="java">package com.foo;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
                new String[] {"com/foo/client.xml", "com/foo/jms.xml"});
        CheckingAccountService service = (CheckingAccountService) ctx.getBean("checkingAccountService");
        service.cancelAccount(new Long(10));
    }
}</programlisting>

    <para>You may also wish to investigate the support provided by the <link
    xl:href="http://lingo.codehaus.org/">Lingo</link> project, which (to quote
    the homepage blurb) <quote>
        <emphasis>... is a lightweight POJO based remoting and messaging
        library based on the Spring Framework's remoting libraries which
        extends it to support JMS.</emphasis>
      </quote></para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-autodection-remote-interfaces">
    <title>Auto-detection is not implemented for remote interfaces</title>

    <para>The main reason why auto-detection of implemented interfaces does
    not occur for remote interfaces is to avoid opening too many doors to
    remote callers. The target object might implement internal callback
    interfaces like <interfacename>InitializingBean</interfacename> or
    <interfacename>DisposableBean</interfacename> which one would not want to
    expose to callers.</para>

    <para>Offering a proxy with all interfaces implemented by the target
    usually does not matter in the local case. But when exporting a remote
    service, you should expose a specific service interface, with specific
    operations intended for remote usage. Besides internal callback
    interfaces, the target might implement multiple business interfaces, with
    just one of them intended for remote exposure. For these reasons, we
    <emphasis>require</emphasis> such a service interface to be
    specified.</para>

    <para>This is a trade-off between configuration convenience and the risk
    of accidental exposure of internal methods. Always specifying a service
    interface is not too much effort, and puts you on the safe side regarding
    controlled exposure of specific methods.</para>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="remoting-considerations">
    <title>Considerations when choosing a technology</title>

    <para>Each and every technology presented here has its drawbacks. You
    should carefully consider your needs, the services you are exposing and the
    objects you'll be sending over the wire when choosing a technology.</para>

    <para>When using RMI, it's not possible to access the objects through the
    HTTP protocol, unless you're tunneling the RMI traffic. RMI is a fairly
    heavy-weight protocol in that it supports full-object serialization which
    is important when using a complex data model that needs serialization over
    the wire. However, RMI-JRMP is tied to Java clients: It is a Java-to-Java
    remoting solution.</para>

    <para>Spring's HTTP invoker is a good choice if you need HTTP-based
    remoting but also rely on Java serialization. It shares the basic
    infrastructure with RMI invokers, just using HTTP as transport. Note that
    HTTP invokers are not only limited to Java-to-Java remoting but also to
    Spring on both the client and server side. (The latter also applies to
    Spring's RMI invoker for non-RMI interfaces.)</para>

    <para>Hessian and/or Burlap might provide significant value when operating
    in a heterogeneous environment, because they explicitly allow for non-Java
    clients. However, non-Java support is still limited. Known issues include
    the serialization of Hibernate objects in combination with
    lazily-initialized collections. If you have such a data model, consider
    using RMI or HTTP invokers instead of Hessian.</para>

    <para>JMS can be useful for providing clusters of services and allowing
    the JMS broker to take care of load balancing, discovery and
    auto-failover. By default: Java serialization is used when using JMS
    remoting but the JMS provider could use a different mechanism for the wire
    formatting, such as XStream to allow servers to be implemented in other
    technologies.</para>

    <para>Last but not least, EJB has an advantage over RMI in that it
    supports standard role-based authentication and authorization and remote
    transaction propagation. It is possible to get RMI invokers or HTTP
    invokers to support security context propagation as well, although this is
    not provided by core Spring: There are just appropriate hooks for plugging
    in third-party or custom solutions here.</para>
  </section>

  <section xml:id="rest-client-access">
    <title>Accessing RESTful services on the Client</title>

    <para>The <classname>RestTemplate</classname> is the core class for
    client-side access to RESTful services. It is conceptually similar to
    other template classes in Spring, such as
    <classname>JdbcTemplate</classname> and <classname>JmsTemplate</classname>
    and other template classes found in other Spring portfolio projects.
    <classname>RestTemplate</classname>'s behavior is customized by providing
    callback methods and configuring the
    <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename> used to marshal
    objects into the HTTP request body and to unmarshal any response back
    into an object. As it is common to use XML as a message format, Spring
    provides a <classname>MarshallingHttpMessageConverter</classname> that
    uses the Object-to-XML framework that is part of the
    <classname>org.springframework.oxm</classname> package. This gives you a
    wide range of choices of XML to Object mapping technologies to choose
    from.</para>

    <para>This section describes how to use the
    <classname>RestTemplate</classname> and its associated
    <interfacename>HttpMessageConverters</interfacename>.</para>

    <section xml:id="rest-resttemplate">
      <title>RestTemplate</title>

      <para>Invoking RESTful services in Java is typically done using a helper
      class such as Jakarta Commons <classname>HttpClient</classname>. For
      common REST operations this approach is too low level as shown
      below.</para>

      <programlisting>String uri = "http://example.com/hotels/1/bookings";

PostMethod post = new PostMethod(uri);
String request = // create booking request content
post.setRequestEntity(new StringRequestEntity(request));

httpClient.executeMethod(post);

if (HttpStatus.SC_CREATED == post.getStatusCode()) {
  Header location = post.getRequestHeader("Location");
  if (location != null) {
    System.out.println("Created new booking at :" + location.getValue());
  }
}</programlisting>

      <para>RestTemplate provides higher level methods that correspond to each
      of the six main HTTP methods that make invoking many RESTful services a
      one-liner and enforce REST best practices.</para>

      <table>
        <title>Overview of RestTemplate methods</title>

        <tgroup cols="2">
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><emphasis role="bold">HTTP Method</emphasis></entry>

              <entry><emphasis role="bold">RestTemplate
              Method</emphasis></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>DELETE</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#delete(String,%20Object...)">delete</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>GET</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#getForObject(String,%20Class,%20Object...)">getForObject</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry></entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#getForEntity(String,%20Class,%20Object...)">getForEntity</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>HEAD</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#headForHeaders(String,%20Object...)">headForHeaders(String
              url, String… urlVariables)</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>OPTIONS</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#optionsForAllow(String,%20Object...)">optionsForAllow(String
              url, String… urlVariables)</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>POST</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#postForLocation(String,%20Object,%20Object...)">postForLocation(String
              url, Object request, String… urlVariables)</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry></entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#postForObject(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Object,%20java.lang.Class,%20java.lang.String...)">postForObject(String
                  url, Object request, Class&lt;T&gt; responseType, String…
                  uriVariables)</link></entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>PUT</entry>

              <entry><link
              xl:href="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/current/api/org/springframework/web/client/RestTemplate.html#put(String,%20Object,%20Object...)">put(String
              url, Object request, String…urlVariables)</link></entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

      <para>The names of <classname>RestTemplate</classname> methods follow a
      naming convention, the first part indicates what HTTP method is being
      invoked and the second part indicates what is returned. For example, the
      method <methodname>getForObject()</methodname> will perform a GET, convert
      the HTTP response into an object type of your choice and return that
      object. The method <methodname>postForLocation()</methodname> will do a
      POST, converting the given object into a HTTP request and return the
      response HTTP Location header where the newly created object can be
      found. In case of an exception processing the HTTP request, an exception
      of the type <classname>RestClientException</classname> will be
      thrown; this behavior can be changed by plugging in another <interfacename>ResponseErrorHandler</interfacename>
      implementation into the <classname>RestTemplate</classname>.</para>

      <para>Objects passed to and returned from these methods are converted to
      and from HTTP messages by
      <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename> instances.
      Converters for the main mime types are registered by default, but you
      can also write your own converter and register it via the
      <methodname>messageConverters()</methodname> bean property. The default
      converter instances registered with the template are
      <classname>ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter</classname>,
      <classname>StringHttpMessageConverter</classname>,
      <classname>FormHttpMessageConverter</classname> and
      <classname>SourceHttpMessageConverter</classname>. You can override
      these defaults using the <methodname>messageConverters()</methodname> bean
      property as would be required if using the
      <classname>MarshallingHttpMessageConverter</classname> or
      <classname>MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter</classname>.</para>

      <para>Each method takes URI template arguments in two forms, either as a
      <literal>String</literal> variable length argument or a
      <literal>Map&lt;String,String&gt;</literal>. For example,</para>

      <programlisting language="java">String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://example.com/hotels/{hotel}/bookings/{booking}",
                                          String.class,"42", "21");
</programlisting>

      <para>using variable length arguments and</para>

      <programlisting language="java">Map&lt;String, String&gt; vars = Collections.singletonMap("hotel", "42");
String result =
  restTemplate.getForObject("http://example.com/hotels/{hotel}/rooms/{hotel}", String.class, vars);
</programlisting>

      <para>using a <literal>Map&lt;String,String&gt;</literal>.</para>

      <para>To create an instance of <classname>RestTemplate</classname> you can
      simply call the default no-arg constructor. This will use standard Java
      classes from the <literal>java.net</literal> package as the underlying
      implementation to create HTTP requests. This can be overridden by
      specifying an implementation of
      <interfacename>ClientHttpRequestFactory</interfacename>. Spring provides
      the implementation
      <classname>HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory</classname> that uses the
      Apache HttpComponents <classname>HttpClient</classname> to create requests.
      <classname>HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory</classname> is configured
      using an instance of
      <classname>org.apache.http.client.HttpClient</classname> which
      can in turn be configured with credentials information or connection
      pooling functionality.</para>

      <tip><para>Note that the <literal>java.net</literal> implementation for
      HTTP requests may raise an exception when accessing the status of a response
      that represents an error (e.g. 401). If this is an issue, switch to
      <classname>HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory</classname> instead.
      </para></tip>

      <para>The previous example using Apache HttpComponents
      <classname>HttpClient</classname> directly rewritten to use the
      <classname>RestTemplate</classname> is shown below</para>

        <programlisting language="java">uri = "http://example.com/hotels/{id}/bookings";

RestTemplate template = new RestTemplate();

Booking booking = // create booking object

URI location = template.postForLocation(uri, booking, "1");
</programlisting>

      <para>To use Apache HttpComponents instead of the native <literal>java.net</literal>
      functionality, construct the <classname>RestTemplate</classname> as follows:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">RestTemplate template = new RestTemplate(new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory());</programlisting>

      <tip><para>Apache HttpClient supports gzip encoding via the
      <classname>DecompressingHttpClient</classname>. To use it, construct a
      <classname>HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory</classname> like so:</para>

      <programlisting language="java">HttpClient httpClient = new DecompressingHttpClient(new DefaultHttpClient());
ClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient);
RestTemplate template = new RestTemplate(requestFactory);</programlisting>
      </tip>

      <para>The general callback interface is
      <interfacename>RequestCallback</interfacename> and is called when the
      execute method is invoked.</para>

      <programlisting language="java">public &lt;T&gt; T execute(String url, HttpMethod method, RequestCallback requestCallback,
                     ResponseExtractor&lt;T&gt; responseExtractor,
                     String... urlVariables)


// also has an overload with urlVariables as a Map&lt;String, String&gt;.</programlisting>

      <para>The <interfacename>RequestCallback</interfacename> interface is
      defined as</para>

      <programlisting language="java">public interface RequestCallback {
 void doWithRequest(ClientHttpRequest request) throws IOException;
}</programlisting>

      <para>and allows you to manipulate the request headers and write to the
      request body. When using the execute method you do not have to worry
      about any resource management, the template will always close the
      request and handle any errors. Refer to the API documentation for more
      information on using the execute method and the meaning of its other
      method arguments.</para>

      <section xml:id="rest-resttemplate-uri">
        <title>Working with the URI</title>

        <para>For each of the main HTTP methods, the <classname>RestTemplate</classname>
        provides variants that either take a String URI or <classname>java.net.URI</classname>
        as the first argument.
        </para>

        <para>The String URI variants accept template arguments as a
        String variable length argument or as a <classname>Map&lt;String,String&gt;</classname>.
        They also assume the URL String is not encoded and needs to be encoded.
        For example the following:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="java">restTemplate.getForObject("http://example.com/hotel list", String.class);</programlisting>

        <para>will perform a GET on <filename>http://example.com/hotel%20list</filename>.
        That means if the input URL String is already encoded, it will be encoded twice --
        i.e. <filename>http://example.com/hotel%20list</filename> will become
        <filename>http://example.com/hotel%2520list</filename>.
        If this is not the intended effect, use the
        <classname>java.net.URI</classname> method variant, which assumes
        the URL is already encoded is also generally useful if you want
        to reuse a single (fully expanded) <classname>URI</classname>
        multiple times.</para>

        <para>The <classname>UriComponentsBuilder</classname> class can be used
        to build and encode the <classname>URI</classname> including support
        for URI templates. For example you can start with a URL String:
        </para>

        <programlisting language="java">UriComponents uriComponents =
        UriComponentsBuilder.fromUriString("http://example.com/hotels/{hotel}/bookings/{booking}").build()
            .expand("42", "21")
            .encode();

URI uri = uriComponents.toUri();</programlisting>

        <para>Or specify each URI component individually:</para>

        <programlisting language="java">UriComponents uriComponents =
        UriComponentsBuilder.newInstance()
            .scheme("http").host("example.com").path("/hotels/{hotel}/bookings/{booking}").build()
            .expand("42", "21")
            .encode();

URI uri = uriComponents.toUri();</programlisting>

      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-template-headers">
        <title>Dealing with request and response headers</title>

        <para>Besides the methods described above, the <classname>RestTemplate</classname>
        also has the <methodname>exchange()</methodname> method, which can be
        used for arbitrary HTTP method execution based on the <classname>HttpEntity</classname>
        class.</para>

        <para>Perhaps most importantly, the <methodname>exchange()</methodname>
        method can be used to add request headers and read response headers.
        For example:</para>

        <programlisting language="java">HttpHeaders requestHeaders = new HttpHeaders();
requestHeaders.set("MyRequestHeader", "MyValue");
HttpEntity&lt;?&gt; requestEntity = new HttpEntity(requestHeaders);

HttpEntity&lt;String&gt; response = template.exchange("http://example.com/hotels/{hotel}",
  HttpMethod.GET, requestEntity, String.class, "42");

String responseHeader = response.getHeaders().getFirst("MyResponseHeader");
String body = response.getBody();</programlisting>

        <para>In the above example, we first prepare a request entity that contains the
        <literal>MyRequestHeader</literal> header. We then retrieve the response, and
        read the <literal>MyResponseHeader</literal> and body.</para>
        </section>
    </section>

    <section xml:id="rest-message-conversion">
      <title>HTTP Message Conversion</title>

      <para>Objects passed to and returned from the methods
      <methodname>getForObject()</methodname>,
      <methodname>postForLocation()</methodname>, and
      <methodname>put()</methodname> are converted to HTTP requests and from
      HTTP responses by <interfacename>HttpMessageConverters</interfacename>.
      The <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename> interface is
      shown below to give you a better feel for its functionality</para>

      <programlisting language="java">public interface HttpMessageConverter&lt;T&gt; {

      // Indicate whether the given class and media type can be read by this converter.
      boolean canRead(Class&lt;?&gt; clazz, MediaType mediaType);

      // Indicate whether the given class and media type can be written by this converter.
      boolean canWrite(Class&lt;?&gt; clazz, MediaType mediaType);

      // Return the list of MediaType objects supported by this converter.
      List&lt;MediaType&gt; getSupportedMediaTypes();

      // Read an object of the given type from the given input message, and returns it.
      T read(Class&lt;T&gt; clazz, HttpInputMessage inputMessage) throws IOException,
                                                                   HttpMessageNotReadableException;

      // Write an given object to the given output message.
      void write(T t, HttpOutputMessage outputMessage) throws IOException,
                                                              HttpMessageNotWritableException;

    }</programlisting>

      <para>Concrete implementations for the main media (mime) types are
      provided in the framework and are registered by default with the
      <classname>RestTemplate</classname> on the client-side and with
      <classname>AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter</classname> on the
      server-side.</para>

      <para>The implementations of
      <classname>HttpMessageConverter</classname>s are described in the
      following sections. For all converters a default media type is used but
      can be overridden by setting the
      <classname>supportedMediaTypes</classname> bean property</para>

      <section xml:id="rest-string-converter">
        <title>StringHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write Strings from the HTTP request
        and response. By default, this converter supports all text media types
        (<literal>text/*</literal>), and writes with a
        <literal>Content-Type</literal> of
        <literal>text/plain</literal>.</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-form-converter">
        <title>FormHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write form data from the HTTP request
        and response. By default, this converter reads and writes the media
        type <literal>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</literal>. Form data
        is read from and written into a <literal>MultiValueMap&lt;String,
        String&gt;</literal>.</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-byte-converter">
        <title>ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write byte arrays from the HTTP
        request and response. By default, this converter supports all media
        types (<literal>*/*</literal>), and writes with a
        <literal>Content-Type</literal> of
        <literal>application/octet-stream</literal>. This can be overridden by
        setting the <property>supportedMediaTypes</property> property, and
        overriding <literal>getContentType(byte[])</literal>.</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-marhsalling-converter">
        <title>MarshallingHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write XML using Spring's
        <interfacename>Marshaller</interfacename> and
        <interfacename>Unmarshaller</interfacename> abstractions from the
        <classname>org.springframework.oxm</classname> package. This converter
        requires a <interfacename>Marshaller</interfacename> and
        <interfacename>Unmarshaller</interfacename> before it can be used.
        These can be injected via constructor or bean properties. By default
        this converter supports (<literal>text/xml</literal>) and
        (<literal>application/xml</literal>).</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-mapping-json-converter">
        <title>MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter (or MappingJacksonHttpMessageConverter with Jackson 1.x)</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write JSON using Jackson's
        <interfacename>ObjectMapper</interfacename>. JSON mapping can be
        customized as needed through the use of Jackson's provided annotations. When
        further control is needed, a custom
        <interfacename>ObjectMapper</interfacename> can be injected through
        the <literal>ObjectMapper</literal> property for cases where custom
        JSON serializers/deserializers need to be provided for specific types.
        By default this converter supports (<literal>application/json</literal>).</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-source-converter">
        <title>SourceHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write
        <classname>javax.xml.transform.Source</classname> from the HTTP
        request and response. Only <classname>DOMSource</classname>,
        <classname>SAXSource</classname>, and
        <classname>StreamSource</classname> are supported. By default, this
        converter supports (<literal>text/xml</literal>) and
        (<literal>application/xml</literal>).</para>
      </section>

      <section xml:id="rest-buffered-image-converter">
        <title>BufferedImageHttpMessageConverter</title>

        <para>An <interfacename>HttpMessageConverter</interfacename>
        implementation that can read and write
        <classname>java.awt.image.BufferedImage</classname> from the HTTP
        request and response. This converter reads and writes the media type
        supported by the Java I/O API.</para>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
</chapter>
